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A load profile shows energy consumption patterns throughout the day, revealing peaks, valleys, and opportunities for load shifting or demand management. Tariffs, envelope performance, and lighting comparisons are separate analyses. CEA auditors rely heavily on load profiles for demand-side recommendations.

Occupancy sensors ensure lights only operate when the hallway is in use, providing significant energy savings. Manual switches and time schedules are less effective in unpredictable traffic areas, and higher wattage increases energy use. In CEA exams, occupancy-based controls are highlighted for intermittent-use spaces.

Uninsulated or poorly insulated pipes lose significant amounts of heat, increasing energy consumption and water heating costs. Adding high-quality insulation minimizes these distribution losses and improves system efficiency. Increasing storage capacity or raising setpoints increases energy use, while oversized recirculation pumps raise pumping energy and heat losses. The CEA curriculum emphasizes pipe insulation as a low-cost, high-impact measure for improving the performance of centralized hot water systems.

Sequencer controls stage compressors on or off based on demand, ensuring efficient operation and avoiding simultaneous partial loading of multiple machines. They do not maximize output constantly, eliminate maintenance, or arbitrarily raise pressure. In CEA, sequencer control is considered a best practice for managing multi-compressor systems.

Night setback (heating) and setup (cooling) schedules adjust indoor temperature settings during unoccupied periods, reducing unnecessary HVAC energy use. This is a fundamental low-cost control strategy emphasized in the CEA body of knowledge. Constant volume air handling and oversized systems typically lead to inefficiencies and wasted energy. Fixed setpoints without scheduling do not take advantage of occupancy patterns. Smart control strategies that align equipment operation with occupancy are often the first recommendations in energy audits, as they require minimal capital investment while delivering substantial savings.