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Direct evaporative cooling leverages low humidity to provide efficient, low-energy cooling in hot, dry climates. Chillers, window ACs, and PTACs are less efficient in such environments. CEA auditors must account for local climate when recommending HVAC technologies.

Variable speed drive (VSD) compressors adjust motor speed to match air demand, minimizing energy waste during partial loads. Load/unload and inlet throttling are less efficient, while start/stop can cause excessive wear. The CEA curriculum emphasizes VSD compressors as best practice for variable-load compressed air systems.

Eco-driving practices such as smooth acceleration, proper tire inflation, and reduced idling can lower fleet fuel consumption by 5–15%. While efficient buildings reduce facility loads, they do not directly affect fleet fuel use. Reflective coatings help with passive cooling but provide minimal fuel benefits. CEA transport audits often start with behavioral and operational improvements like driver training.

Demand-controlled recirculation pumps run only when needed, cutting standby losses in distribution. Oversizing, higher setpoints, and larger piping increase heat loss and wasted pumping energy. CEA candidates must identify smart circulation controls as a key measure.

Geothermal power plants provide steady, dispatchable energy, unlike wind and solar, which are intermittent. Wave energy is still emerging and variable. CEA auditors must recognize geothermal as a stable renewable resource suitable for base-load applications where available.