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Adolescents (12–18 yrs) focus on identity vs. role confusion. Infants face trust vs. mistrust. Toddlers face autonomy vs. shame. Preschoolers face initiative vs. guilt. Recognizing developmental stages helps EMS providers tailor communication.

Emphysema involves alveolar wall destruction, reduced elastic recoil, and hyperinflation. Chronic bronchitis (Option A) features chronic productive cough and mucus production. Asthma (Option C) is reversible airway narrowing. Pneumonia (Option D) involves infection and consolidation. Recognizing emphysema guides oxygen titration, ventilatory support, and awareness of “barrel chest” findings.

CHF exacerbations cause pulmonary edema → pink frothy sputum, rales, orthopnea. Wheezing (Option B) is asthma/COPD. Productive cough/fever (Option C) is pneumonia. Sharp pleuritic pain (Option D) is PE/pneumonia. Prehospital care: oxygen, CPAP, nitro, rapid transport.

Elderly patients lose baroreceptor sensitivity, impairing rapid BP adjustments when standing, leading to dizziness and falls. Renal clearance decreases, vessel elasticity decreases, and metabolism slows with aging. Recognizing these risks improves patient safety.

START triage immediately assigns ambulatory patients as “green” (minor). Red = immediate, Yellow = delayed, Black = expectant/deceased. This rapid assignment frees resources for critical patients and organizes care efficiently.