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ETCO₂ >10 mmHg during CPR indicates effective compressions generating perfusion. Lower values suggest inadequate depth or recoil. Audible clicks are irrelevant. Provider fatigue (Option C) doesn’t guarantee quality. ECG artifact may obscure rhythms. Continuous ETCO₂ helps guide resuscitation quality.

Ventricular fibrillation is chaotic, non-perfusing, and requires defibrillation. Pulseless VT is also shockable. PEA and asystole are non-shockable. Sinus bradycardia is perfusing but may require pacing. Defibrillation is a key element in the chain of survival.

Infant CPR requires compressions ~1.5 inches (4 cm), about one-third the chest depth. Children need ~2 inches. Adults require ≥2 inches. Correct depth optimizes perfusion without causing excessive injury. AEMTs must know age-specific resuscitation standards.

Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) causes inspiratory stridor and barking cough, often triggered by viral infection. Infants’ small airways are more prone to obstruction. COPD and CHF are adult conditions. PE is rare in infants. Treatment includes humidified oxygen and, in severe cases, nebulized epinephrine.

An open pneumothorax (“sucking chest wound”) requires a three-sided occlusive dressing to prevent air entry while allowing egress. Bulky dressings (Option B) may trap air. IV fluids (Option C) are secondary. Intubation (Option D) is advanced and not the immediate first step.