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Capnography provides continuous ETCO₂ monitoring. ETCO₂ >10 mmHg indicates adequate compressions. Pulse oximetry is unreliable without circulation. BP can’t be measured during compressions. Carotid pulses are not reliable during compressions.

Level A PPE provides the highest protection with fully encapsulated suit and SCBA, required in hot zones with unknown or highly toxic hazards. Level B is splash protection. Level C uses APRs. Level D is minimal. EMS usually operates in cold zone; HazMat teams use Level A.

Newborns normally have HR 120–160 bpm. HR <100 indicates distress. <60 requires compressions. >180 may indicate fever or tachyarrhythmia. Knowing age-specific vitals ensures accurate recognition of compromise.

The warm zone is the decontamination area between the hot (contaminated) zone and cold (safe) zone. Hot zone is highest hazard. Cold zone is for treatment and staging. EMS typically operates in the cold zone after decon.

A “silent chest” occurs in severe asthma when airflow is so restricted that wheezes disappear—a pre-arrest sign. CHF produces crackles, pneumonia produces localized crackles, COPD produces wheezes but usually not silent chest. Rapid recognition requires aggressive airway and transport.