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The mitral valve (bicuspid) separates the left atrium and ventricle. It prevents backflow during ventricular systole. The tricuspid separates right atrium/ventricle. Pulmonic controls outflow to pulmonary artery. Aortic controls systemic outflow. Valve dysfunction leads to murmurs and heart failure.

The liver metabolizes drugs/toxins, produces bile for fat digestion, and regulates glucose. The pancreas secretes insulin and digestive enzymes. The kidneys excrete waste. The gallbladder stores bile but does not produce it. AEMTs must recognize liver dysfunction implications for medication metabolism.

Aging decreases chest wall and lung compliance, reducing vital capacity and gas exchange efficiency. Baroreceptor sensitivity decreases, renal clearance falls, and immunity weakens. AEMTs must adjust expectations for vital signs and anticipate atypical illness presentations in geriatric patients.

Coronary arteries branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle itself. Without this blood flow, ischemia and infarction occur. Pulmonary arteries (Option B) supply the lungs. Carotids (Option C) supply the brain. Veins (Option D) remove waste. Coronary circulation is central to ACS care.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage often presents with thunderclap headache, nausea, photophobia, and neuro deficits. Ischemic stroke causes focal deficits without severe headache. Migraines are recurrent and less acute. Seizures may cause post-ictal headache but not sudden “worst ever.” Rapid transport is critical.