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A BVM with reservoir and high-flow O₂ can deliver nearly 100% oxygen if sealed properly. A nonrebreather provides up to ~90–95%. Simple masks give ~40–60%, and nasal cannulas 24–44%. Device choice depends on patient condition, airway patency, and ventilatory effort.

When arrest is witnessed by EMS, immediate defibrillation (if shockable rhythm) takes priority. In unwitnessed arrest, CPR is started first. IV access (Option D) and ALS backup (Option A) follow later. Rapid defibrillation improves survival.

Reversible causes include the Hs (hypovolemia, hypoxia, hydrogen ion [acidosis], hypo/hyperkalemia, hypothermia) and Ts (tension pneumothorax, tamponade, toxins, thrombosis pulmonary/coronary). Hypertension is not one of these causes. Identifying and correcting reversible causes improves resuscitation success.

Hypoglycemia can trigger seizures due to lack of glucose for brain function. Fever (Option A) suggests febrile seizure. Aura (Option C) indicates epilepsy/migraine. Numbness (Option D) suggests stroke/TIA. Rapid glucose check and treatment are essential.

Elderly patients lose baroreceptor sensitivity, making them prone to orthostatic hypotension and falls. Vessels stiffen (not more elastic). Systolic BP often rises with age. Risk of arrhythmias increases due to fibrosis and conduction changes.