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Photocells automatically switch lights on and off based on daylight availability, and LEDs provide high efficiency and long life. Running lights continuously wastes energy, and increasing wattage increases load. Reflector changes do not significantly impact exterior efficiency. CEA auditors emphasize photocell and LED upgrades for exterior lighting.

The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) indicates the fraction of solar radiation transmitted through glazing, directly affecting cooling loads in warm climates. U-value and R-value measure conductive transfer, while infiltration relates to air leakage. CEA auditors must evaluate SHGC when recommending window improvements.

Air sealing with caulking, weatherstripping, and proper sealing of penetrations directly reduces infiltration, which accounts for significant heating and cooling losses. While insulation reduces conductive losses and coatings affect solar gain, only air sealing addresses uncontrolled infiltration. CEA auditors are trained to prioritize infiltration control as a cost-effective envelope measure, especially in older buildings.

Economizer dampers modulate outdoor air intake to provide “free cooling” when outside air conditions are favorable, reducing the need for mechanical cooling. They do not prevent infiltration, control static pressure, or reheat supply air. CEA auditors are expected to evaluate economizer performance since improper settings or failures often cause significant energy waste.

R-value measures thermal resistance; the higher the R-value, the lower the heat transfer through a building material. While wall color, window orientation, and roof slope may influence solar gain or radiant transfer, insulation R-value directly determines conductive performance. CEA auditors must evaluate wall assemblies based on insulation levels when recommending envelope improvements.