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Supply air temperature reset adjusts system output to meet varying zone needs, preventing conditions where one zone requires heating while another requires cooling. Fixed settings and manual overrides lack flexibility, while higher chiller setpoints only partially address the issue. In CEA exams, reset strategies are emphasized for system efficiency.

Heat recovery units in VRF systems transfer waste heat from zones requiring cooling to those needing heating, providing simultaneous service with high efficiency. Expansion valves regulate refrigerant but don’t enable heat recovery. Economizers handle outside air, and boiler bypasses apply to hydronic systems. CEA auditors must recognize VRF with heat recovery as a high-performance HVAC solution for multi-zone buildings.

VAV boxes regulate airflow to specific zones, allowing independent control of temperatures and improving overall system efficiency. They do not control fan motors (handled at central units), nor do they provide insulation or serve as backup systems. In CEA training, understanding zoning and control strategies is vital for diagnosing HVAC efficiency opportunities.

LEDs generate less waste heat compared to incandescent or fluorescent lamps, reducing cooling demand. CRI and instant-on relate to lighting quality, and beam angle affects distribution but not thermal load. CEA auditors must recognize lighting’s secondary effect on HVAC energy use.

Demand charges are based on the highest recorded kW demand within the billing cycle, regardless of total energy consumption. Baseload and power factor may affect efficiency but not the demand charge directly. CEA auditors identify strategies like peak shaving and load shifting to reduce these charges.