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Eco-driving training promotes smoother acceleration, reduced idling, and proper vehicle maintenance, cutting fuel use by 5–15% with minimal cost. Vehicle purchases, conversions, and solar panels require capital. CEA auditors often recommend training as a first-step, low-cost transport efficiency measure.

Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) adjusts outdoor air ventilation rates based on occupancy indicators, typically CO₂ concentration. This ensures adequate indoor air quality while avoiding over-ventilation during partial occupancy. Running fans constantly or eliminating fresh air wastes energy or compromises health. Fixed air change rates ignore actual occupancy variation. The CEA curriculum highlights DCV as a key strategy for balancing indoor air quality with energy savings.

Power factor measures the ratio of real power (kW) to apparent power (kVA). A value close to 1.0 means most of the supplied energy is being used effectively for work, with minimal reactive losses. A low power factor indicates inefficiency and results in higher utility charges. CEA auditors must be able to interpret power factor readings and recommend corrective measures, such as capacitor banks, when poor power factor is identified.

Studies show that compressed air leaks can account for 20–30% of system demand in poorly maintained facilities. Repairing leaks is often the most cost-effective first step before considering major equipment changes. Constant full-load operation and oversizing generally waste energy, while smaller receivers do not address the core efficiency issues. The CEA program stresses that auditors must evaluate maintenance and operational issues first, as these yield quick savings without large capital investment. Leak reduction is universally identified as a “low-hanging fruit” in compressed air efficiency.

Weather normalization adjusts energy consumption for variations in heating and cooling degree days, making comparisons across different years or sites meaningful. It does not replace billing data or guarantee baseload constancy. In CEA exams, weather normalization is essential for accurately evaluating performance improvements.