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Henry’s Law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid. In hyperbaric oxygen therapy, increased ambient pressure enhances oxygen dissolution into plasma, allowing tissues to receive supraphysiologic oxygen levels even in the presence of compromised hemoglobin function (e.g., carbon monoxide poisoning). This principle is the foundation of many therapeutic effects of HBO, including promoting wound healing, suppressing anaerobic bacterial growth, and enhancing tissue oxygen gradients.

At high partial pressures, nitrogen dissolves into neuronal membranes, impairing neurotransmission and producing narcotic effects. This is known as nitrogen narcosis, and it typically occurs at depths >100 feet.

The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) defines approved clinical indications and publishes guidelines for practice. FDA regulates devices, NFPA covers fire safety, and OSHA enforces worker safety.

Excess CO₂ buildup leads to hypercapnia, headaches, confusion, and respiratory acidosis. Continuous monitoring and ventilation prevent dangerous accumulation.

Medical locks (or entry locks) allow staff to transfer medications, supplies, or personnel into and out of a pressurized chamber without changing the pressure inside the main compartment. This ensures ongoing treatment is not disrupted. They are vital in emergency care when equipment must be brought in mid-treatment.