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SAMPLE (Signs/Symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past history, Last intake, Events) is a structured format for history gathering. OPQRST is for pain assessment, DCAP-BTLS for trauma survey, and AVPU for consciousness. SAMPLE ensures the EMR covers critical details before transferring care.

Patients with spinal injuries who vomit must be logrolled as a unit to protect the airway while maintaining spinal alignment. Sitting them up or performing abdominal thrusts risks further injury. NPAs may help airway patency but do not clear vomit. EMRs use the logroll technique with assistance whenever possible.

When two rescuers are present for pediatric resuscitation, the correct ratio is 15 compressions to 2 breaths. This provides more frequent ventilations appropriate for children’s higher oxygen demand. Adult single rescuer remains 30:2. EMRs adapt ratios based on age and number of rescuers.

Normal breathing is 12–20 breaths per minute with regular chest rise. Cyanosis, shallow breathing, and accessory muscle use are signs of distress. EMRs are trained to evaluate rate, depth, and effort of breathing to determine adequacy.

Cyanosis and gasping indicate severe hypoxia and inadequate ventilation. Normal rates and chest rise suggest adequate breathing. EMRs intervene immediately when late signs of respiratory failure appear.