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OPQRST evaluates pain (Onset, Provocation, Quality, Region/Radiation, Severity, Time). This is particularly useful in chest pain or cardiac emergencies. SAMPLE gathers broader history, DCAP-BTLS identifies trauma injuries, and AVPU assesses consciousness. EMRs use OPQRST for detailed pain analysis.

The head tilt–chin lift moves the cervical spine and is contraindicated in suspected spinal trauma. The jaw thrust should be used instead. Suctioning and NPAs are safe when indicated. EMRs protect spinal integrity while maintaining airway patency.

AEDs are designed to shock ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia. Asystole and PEA are non-shockable rhythms and require CPR with advanced interventions. Normal sinus rhythm requires no shock. EMRs must recognize shockable vs. non-shockable rhythms as directed by the AED.

A suspected femur fracture requires traction splinting if equipment and training are available. Cold packs may reduce swelling but do not address alignment or bleeding. Manual realignment is avoided unless circulation is compromised. EMRs stabilize fractures to reduce further injury and blood loss.

DCAP-BTLS stands for Deformities, Contusions, Abrasions, Punctures/Penetrations, Burns, Tenderness, Lacerations, Swelling. There is no “E.” Some students confuse this with SAMPLE (where E = Events). EMRs use DCAP-BTLS as a systematic checklist for trauma assessment.