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Detailed audits involve comprehensive data collection, instrumentation, and financial analysis to prioritize energy-saving measures. Walk-through (A) and preliminary audits (B) are less detailed, and desk audits (D) rely solely on data review. Certified Energy Managers use detailed audits to plan capital investments efficiently.

Time-of-use (TOU) tariffs charge different rates depending on season and time of day, encouraging load shifting and demand management. Inclining block rates (A) increase with usage, flat rates (B) remain constant, and net metering (D) offsets consumption with on-site generation. For Certified Energy Managers, understanding TOU tariffs is crucial for developing demand-side strategies and cost savings opportunities.

Pumped hydro storage dominates global installed capacity, accounting for over 90% of energy storage worldwide. Lithium-ion (A) has grown rapidly but remains much smaller in scale. Flywheels (B) and supercapacitors (D) are niche technologies. For Certified Energy Managers, understanding the prevalence of pumped hydro highlights the role of geography in storage deployment and the potential of hybrid systems that combine different storage technologies.

A Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is a contractual arrangement where a consumer agrees to buy electricity directly from a generator, often at a fixed price over a long term. This arrangement is common with renewable energy projects such as solar or wind farms. Net metering (A) allows customers with on-site generation to offset consumption, but it is not a procurement strategy. Retail choice (B) refers to competitive markets where consumers can choose among suppliers but does not involve direct contracts with generators. Block rate tariffs (D) are utility pricing structures, not procurement mechanisms. For Certified Energy Managers, understanding PPAs is essential for advising organizations on procurement strategies that support cost stability, renewable integration, and sustainability goals.

NFPA 70, or the National Electrical Code (NEC), specifies electrical installation and safety standards. ASHRAE 90.1 (A) addresses building energy performance, ISO 50001 (C) is energy management, and LEED (D) rates green building sustainability. Certified Energy Managers reference NEC for electrical compliance and safety.