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An HRV transfers heat between exhaust and supply air, reducing heating and cooling loads. Evaporator (A), condenser (C), and expansion valves (D) are refrigeration cycle components. For Certified Energy Managers, HRVs are essential efficiency measures in buildings with high ventilation demands, ensuring fresh air while minimizing energy waste.

Harmonics cause voltage waveform distortion, overheating of motors and transformers, nuisance tripping of protective devices, and reduced system efficiency. They do not improve power factor (A) and instead can worsen it. They increase—not reduce—losses (B). kVA demand may rise rather than decrease (D). Certified Energy Managers must be able to recognize harmonic issues and apply solutions such as harmonic filters or proper VFD selection.

An economizer captures residual heat from flue gases to preheat feedwater, improving overall system efficiency. Steam pressure control (B) is managed by valves, combustion efficiency (C) is influenced by burners, and water treatment (D) removes impurities. Certified Energy Managers implement economizers to reduce fuel consumption and operational costs.

The Energy Service Company (ESCO) guarantees the savings in an ESPC. The ESCO designs, finances, and implements the project, with repayment tied to verified savings. Building owners (A) benefit from the arrangement but do not provide the guarantee. Utilities (B) and manufacturers (D) may play supporting roles but are not responsible for performance guarantees. For Certified Energy Managers, ESPCs are vital financing mechanisms that enable organizations to overcome capital barriers and achieve efficiency improvements with minimal upfront investment.

Steam traps discharge condensate and air while preventing live steam loss, ensuring efficiency in steam distribution. Economizers (A) recover flue heat, combustion controls (C) optimize firing, and feedwater heaters (D) preheat return water. For Certified Energy Managers, steam trap testing and maintenance are common audit recommendations due to significant energy and cost savings potential.