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Functional performance testing verifies that systems meet design requirements under various operating conditions. Preventive maintenance (B) maintains performance, troubleshooting (C) fixes faults, and energy audits (D) evaluate consumption. Certified Energy Managers oversee commissioning to ensure energy-efficient building operation.

Daylight harvesting uses sensors to dim or switch off artificial lighting when sufficient natural light is available. Increasing artificial light (A) wastes energy, turning off completely (C) may reduce comfort, and constant lux (D) ignores daylight benefits. Certified Energy Managers implement daylight harvesting for energy savings.

Benchmarking evaluates energy performance relative to similar buildings or past periods. Compliance (A) is secondary, lifespan (C) and air quality (D) are indirect. Certified Energy Managers use benchmarking to prioritize efficiency initiatives.

Capacitor banks offset inductive loads, improving power factor and reducing reactive power charges. Transformers (B) change voltage, circuit breakers (C) protect circuits, and surge protectors (D) prevent voltage spikes. Certified Energy Managers implement PF correction to lower utility costs.

Lithium-ion batteries dominate UPS applications due to their compact size, fast response, and ability to provide reliable short-term backup power. Flywheels (A) can be used for very short-duration stabilization but are less common. Pumped hydro (C) and compressed air storage (D) are large-scale grid applications unsuitable for commercial UPS systems. For Certified Energy Managers, understanding storage applications is essential because UPS systems are critical for data centers, hospitals, and facilities where downtime has high costs. Lithium-ion systems also align with sustainability goals, as they support integration with renewables and demand response.