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Statistical significance indicates whether results are unlikely to have occurred by chance. Reliability (A) refers to consistency. Validity (B) addresses accuracy. Generalizability (D) reflects external validity. Counselors must consider both statistical and clinical significance when applying research findings to practice.

Predictive validity refers to how well a test forecasts future outcomes. In this case, the depression inventory predicts later diagnosis. Option A (Concurrent) assesses correlation with another measure at the same time. Option C (Content) refers to test coverage of the construct. Option D (Construct) refers to alignment with theoretical concepts. Predictive validity is critical in counseling assessments used for screening, placement, or risk evaluation.