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Dawis and Lofquist’s Theory of Work Adjustment stresses person–environment fit, focusing on satisfaction (individual’s needs met) and satisfactoriness (employer’s needs met). Holland (A) emphasizes personality fit. Super (C) highlights life roles. Krumboltz (D) focuses on learning and happenstance. The Work Adjustment Theory is valuable in vocational and rehabilitation counseling for ensuring stable, satisfying employment matches.

Formative evaluation provides continuous feedback during program implementation, allowing adjustments and improvements in real time. Summative evaluation (A) occurs after completion. Options C and D are related to research analysis but not specifically formative evaluation. Counselors use formative evaluation to refine services and increase program effectiveness before outcomes are finalized.

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) uses techniques such as the “miracle question” to help clients envision a preferred future and build small, achievable steps toward it. Option A (CBT) focuses on challenging distorted thoughts. Option C (Gestalt) emphasizes awareness and here-and-now experience. Option D (Psychoanalysis) explores unconscious conflicts. SFBT is collaborative, future-oriented, and strengths-based, making it effective in short-term counseling contexts.

Stratified random sampling ensures representation of subgroups (e.g., age, ethnicity) by dividing the population and randomly sampling within each. Simple random (A) selects without subgrouping. Convenience (C) selects based on availability. Snowball (D) uses referrals. Stratified sampling enhances generalizability in diverse populations.

Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique based on classical conditioning, where a conditioned response (fear) is replaced with relaxation. Clients are gradually exposed to anxiety-provoking stimuli while practicing relaxation until the fear diminishes. Option A (Cognitive restructuring) focuses on identifying and modifying distorted thoughts. Option C (Operant conditioning) involves reinforcement and punishment. Option D (Humanistic theory) emphasizes self-actualization and empathy. Systematic desensitization, developed by Joseph Wolpe, is widely used in treating phobias and anxiety disorders, demonstrating the effectiveness of behavior therapy in counseling practice.