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Altruism occurs when group members give support and encouragement to others, fostering mutual growth. Universality (A) involves realizing shared struggles. Cohesion (B) reflects bonding. Catharsis (D) involves emotional release. Altruism strengthens group relationships and empowers members through reciprocal helping.

Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Therapy emphasizes unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence as core conditions for therapeutic change. Rogers believed that when clients feel accepted without judgment, they are more likely to explore their true selves and achieve self-actualization. Option B (CBT) emphasizes structured interventions targeting thought patterns and behaviors. Option C (Psychoanalysis, Freud) focuses on unconscious conflicts, free association, and interpretation. Option D (Gestalt) emphasizes awareness and present-moment experience. Person-Centered Therapy shifts the power dynamic by allowing the client to lead the direction of therapy, while the counselor creates a supportive, empathetic environment. Empirical evidence demonstrates that the therapeutic alliance, strengthened through unconditional positive regard, is a strong predictor of client outcomes across modalities.

Phenomenological studies explore participants’ lived experiences and meanings, making them a qualitative method. Option A (RCTs) are quantitative experiments. Option C (Correlational) examines variable relationships quantitatively. Option D (Meta-analysis) synthesizes quantitative results. Qualitative research provides rich, detailed insights that complement quantitative findings, offering counselors deeper understanding of client perspectives and contexts.

When client safety or the safety of others is at risk, nonmaleficence (do no harm) overrides confidentiality. Ethical codes allow breaching confidentiality to prevent imminent danger. Autonomy (B) and justice (D) remain important but are secondary in crises. This principle ensures protection of life and well-being above privacy concerns.

Gestalt therapy emphasizes awareness in the present moment and integrating thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Option A (past conflicts) aligns with psychoanalysis. Option B (free association) is a Freudian method. Option D reflects CBT. Gestalt techniques such as the empty-chair exercise highlight present experiences to promote integration and growth.