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The automatic stay halts most civil actions to collect pre-petition debts, including pending lawsuits, garnishments, repossessions, and foreclosures. Certain proceedings—criminal cases, some family law matters (e.g., establishing paternity, child custody/visitation), and governmental regulatory actions—are excepted. Creditors must cease collection efforts absent relief from stay. Paralegals should verify filing timestamps, notify courts/creditors, and monitor motions for relief. On the CP exam, distinguish stay scope from discharge and recognize exceptions to avoid advising actions that could trigger sanctions for willful stay violations.

The exclusionary rule bars evidence obtained through unconstitutional searches, seizures, or interrogations. It deters police misconduct. Exceptions include good faith, independent source, and inevitable discovery. Stipulations, jury instructions, and arguments are procedural, not evidentiary. Paralegals reviewing discovery should note potential suppression issues. The CP exam emphasizes constitutional remedies and their application.

Chapter 11 permits debt restructuring for businesses (and some individuals with high debt). It allows continuation of operations under a court-approved plan. Chapter 7 liquidates assets; Chapter 13 is repayment for individuals; Chapter 9 applies to municipalities. Paralegals help prepare disclosure statements, track plan deadlines, and manage creditor meetings. The CP exam tests the function of each bankruptcy chapter.

Paralegals cannot act as notaries unless lawfully commissioned. Signing without authority is fraudulent and unethical. The correct response is to refuse and explain the legal prohibition, while suggesting proper alternatives. The CP exam tests recognition of unauthorized conduct and emphasizes the paralegal’s duty to maintain integrity, even under pressure from supervisors.

Valid contracts require offer, acceptance, and consideration. Notarization is generally unnecessary unless required for specific contracts (e.g., real estate deeds). Paralegals should verify whether statutory formalities apply. The CP exam tests core elements of contract formation and exceptions for special agreements.