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File management is governed by ethical duties and firm policy. Originals often must be returned to the client or safeguarded per retention schedules and legal requirements. Unilateral destruction risks spoliation and ethical violations; personal removal is improper. Public disclosure—even anonymized—can breach confidentiality. Paralegals catalogue contents, confirm retention timelines, and coordinate secure storage or return. The CP exam highlights competence, confidentiality, and safeguarding client property as critical professional responsibilities.

A statutory merger consolidates corporations under state statutes, generally requiring board and shareholder approval. Asset sales in the ordinary course do not require shareholder approval, though extraordinary sales may. De facto mergers trigger similar protections. Paralegals prepare merger documents, proxy statements, and filings. The CP exam tests merger procedures, approvals, and fiduciary duties in corporate transactions.

Chapter 11 provides reorganization for businesses (and some individuals with complex debts). It allows debtors to restructure obligations while continuing operations under a court-approved plan. Chapter 7 involves liquidation; Chapter 13 is a wage-earner’s repayment plan for individuals; Chapter 12 applies to family farmers and fishermen. Paralegals assist with preparing petitions, schedules, and disclosure statements, and tracking plan confirmation requirements. The CP exam emphasizes recognizing the different bankruptcy chapters, their eligibility, and procedural requirements.

The Full Faith and Credit Clause (Article IV, Section 1) requires states to honor the laws, judgments, and records of other states. This supports consistency in recognition of court judgments, marriages, and legal contracts. The Supremacy Clause ensures federal law supremacy; the Commerce Clause regulates interstate commerce; the Due Process Clause protects individual rights. Paralegals often assist in enforcing out-of-state judgments. The CP exam tests federalism and interstate recognition doctrines.

The jury charge (jury instructions) explains relevant law, burdens of proof, and issues jurors must decide. Voir dire screens jurors; openings outline facts; closings argue interpretation. Paralegals may assist in drafting proposed instructions and compiling authorities. The CP exam emphasizes trial sequence and the role of instructions.