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Voir dire screens potential jurors for impartiality. Attorneys (and sometimes judges) question jurors to uncover bias. Challenges include “for cause” (demonstrated bias) and peremptory (limited, no reason stated, subject to Batson restrictions). Paralegals track juror responses, maintain notes, and assist in challenge strategy. On the CP exam, expect questions about trial procedures, including jury selection, burdens of proof, and trial sequence.

Active voice places the subject before the verb and object: “The defendant breached the contract.” This form is clearer and more direct than passive constructions. Passive voice can obscure responsibility by shifting focus to the object rather than the actor. Legal writing emphasizes clarity and precision, both in client communications and in court submissions. On the CP exam, expect to identify clear, active phrasing and avoid wordy or confusing constructions. Paralegals applying plain language and active voice improve efficiency and strengthen persuasive writing for supervising attorneys.

The Bluebook format includes case name, volume number, reporter, page, and year. Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) is the correct citation. Proper citation ensures credibility and traceability. Paralegals use citation guides when drafting documents. The CP exam assesses legal research and writing fundamentals, including citation accuracy.

“Fruit of the poisonous tree” excludes evidence derived from an initial illegality, such as evidence discovered through an unconstitutional search. Exceptions include independent source (evidence obtained separately), inevitable discovery (would have been found anyway), and attenuation (connection too remote). Plain view allows seizure if officers lawfully present and the item’s incriminating nature is apparent. Paralegals reviewing police reports must identify suppression issues, including causal chains. The CP exam tests these exclusionary doctrines and their impact on admissibility.

Motions to compel request court orders requiring compliance with discovery obligations, such as interrogatories, production requests, or depositions. Standing challenges are handled with motions to dismiss; judicial bias with motions to recuse; insufficient trial evidence with directed verdicts or judgments as a matter of law. Paralegals prepare exhibits showing noncompliance, draft supporting affidavits, and track deadlines. The CP exam tests discovery enforcement mechanisms and their role in fair litigation.