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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. Clinical signs: vesicles on feet, mouth, and teats with rapid herd spread. It is reportable and has huge trade/economic implications. Swine vesicular disease, vesicular stomatitis, and Senecavirus A produce similar lesions but FMD is the most important and feared globally. NAVLE requires recognition of transboundary diseases, immediate reporting, and regulatory medicine competencies.

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in sheep and goats is caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, producing abscesses in lymph nodes. Mycobacterium avium causes Johne’s disease. Trueperella causes pyogenic infections but not CLA. Brucella causes abortion, not lymph node abscesses. NAVLE emphasizes small ruminant herd health, zoonoses, and biosecurity.

Cryptosporidiosis in calves causes malabsorptive diarrhea and significant fluid/electrolyte losses. Specific antimicrobials are limited; therapy is largely supportive: oral electrolyte solutions, IV crystalloids for severe dehydration, correction of acidosis, and nutritional support (continue milk feedings appropriately). Rigorous hygiene—frequent bedding changes, disinfection, and separation of sick neonates—reduces environmental oocyst load. Personal protective equipment and hand hygiene are essential due to zoonotic risk, particularly for immunocompromised people. Routine antibiotics are not effective against protozoa and can disrupt gut flora. Corticosteroids are not indicated and may worsen immunosuppression. Prognosis with prompt supportive care is generally fair. This integrates species-specific diagnosis, herd health, and public health competencies.

Using leftover antibiotics risks inappropriate drug choice, resistance, and incomplete treatment. Veterinarians must refuse, explain risks, and encourage proper exam/diagnostics before prescribing. NAVLE emphasizes antimicrobial stewardship, evidence-based prescribing, and client education.

Veterinarians in legal cases must act as impartial experts, presenting objective medical findings such as BCS, necropsy results, and clinical records. Bias or exaggeration compromises credibility. NAVLE emphasizes the veterinarian’s role in justice, animal welfare advocacy, and evidence-based testimony.