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Veterinarians serving as witnesses must provide impartial, factual, evidence-based testimony. Advocacy for one party or exaggeration undermines credibility. Declining without cause may forfeit professional responsibility. NAVLE emphasizes integrity, evidence-based reasoning, and accountability in legal contexts.

Veterinarians are bound by competencies in animal welfare, food safety, and professional responsibility. Approving transport of sick, febrile, lame animals compromises welfare and may introduce public health risks if antibiotic residues are not managed. The veterinarian must educate the client, document findings, and either provide treatment with appropriate withdrawal periods or recommend euthanasia if prognosis is poor. Ignoring findings or permitting shipment undermines ethical and legal obligations. NAVLE emphasizes the veterinarian’s role as a public health steward, patient advocate, and communicator balancing client interests with societal responsibility.

Peripheral vestibular disease involves the inner ear or vestibular nerve. Clinical signs include head tilt, horizontal/rotary nystagmus, ataxia, and falling, without central deficits like proprioceptive loss or altered mentation. Central vestibular disease presents with vertical nystagmus, proprioceptive deficits, and altered mental status. Cerebellar hypoplasia occurs in young animals, not acutely in older dogs. Cervical spinal disease produces proprioceptive ataxia and neck pain, not vestibular signs. NAVLE emphasizes neurologic localization and differential diagnosis.

Strangles is caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, producing lymphadenopathy, abscessation, and nasal discharge. It is highly contagious. NAVLE competencies require recognition of reportable diseases, biosecurity, and communication with owners. Equine influenza and herpesvirus-1 cause viral respiratory disease without suppurative lymphadenitis. Equine viral arteritis can produce respiratory signs, abortion, and conjunctivitis, but not lymph node abscessation. Management involves isolation, supportive care, and monitoring for complications such as bastard strangles or purpura hemorrhagica. Competencies include herd health, diagnostic confirmation, and ethical client communication about contagion.

Competencies emphasize leadership, infection control, and accountability. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of nosocomial infection prevention. Supervisors must address lapses constructively, retrain, and ensure compliance. Ignoring or punishing whistleblowers undermines safety culture. NAVLE stresses the veterinarian’s duty to model best practices and enforce protocols for the health of patients, clients, and staff.