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Hypertrophy refers to the enlargement of muscle fibers through increased myofibrils, actin, myosin, and sarcoplasmic volume. Fiber hyperplasia (increase in number) is minimal in humans. Capillary density and fiber conversion occur but are not primary mechanisms. CSCS exam candidates must recognize hypertrophy as a primary adaptation to resistance training.

For light training loads, athletes require 3–5 g/kg/day of carbohydrate. Moderate training requires 5–7 g/kg, and heavy training may require 8–10 g/kg. Carbohydrate periodization is often tested on the CSCS exam.

Athletes with high training loads require 6–10 g/kg/day of carbohydrate to maintain glycogen stores. Light training requires 3–5 g/kg, and extreme training may need 8–12 g/kg. The CSCS exam emphasizes carbohydrate needs relative to training intensity and duration.

The Wingate anaerobic test (30s maximal cycling) is the gold standard for measuring anaerobic power and capacity. The sprint measures speed, the vertical jump measures explosive power, and the shuttle measures anaerobic capacity. The CSCS exam requires distinguishing between power and capacity.