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Ethical practice includes clear boundaries, role clarity, and avoidance of harmful dual relationships. Social media contact with current or former clients risks boundary diffusion, confidentiality breaches, and exploitation. Option C is best: respond with a concise, respectful note explaining your policy (preferably one previously provided in informed consent), decline the request, and offer appropriate professional avenues (e.g., clinic phone/portal) for future needs. Option A blurs roles and creates expectations of informal support. Option B may feel invalidating and misses an opportunity to reinforce boundaries transparently. Option D assumes time alone resolves boundary concerns; even after a year, personal “friend” connections are typically inappropriate. Counselors should maintain a professional online presence separated from personal accounts, set privacy controls, and proactively discuss electronic communication boundaries in informed consent. Document the contact and your response. If the client raises unmet needs, assess for risk and consider a booster session or referral consistent with competence and availability.

Generalizing cultural traits to all individuals is stereotyping. Cultural humility (B) emphasizes openness, empathy (C) reflects client experiences, and advocacy (D) addresses systemic change. Counselors should explore individual meaning instead of assumptions.

Exploring the client’s dissatisfaction collaboratively (B) strengthens the alliance and models respect for autonomy. Responses A and C minimize concerns. Suggesting termination (D) may be premature without repair efforts. NCE emphasizes the counseling relationship as a key predictor of outcomes, and alliance ruptures must be addressed directly.

Psychodynamic counseling focuses on defense mechanisms, unconscious processes, and early childhood experiences. Scaling (B) and miracle questions (D) are solution-focused, while cognitive restructuring (C) is CBT.

When codes are not explicit, counselors apply ethical decision-making models and seek consultation. Independent action (B) risks error, client preference (C) cannot replace ethics, and ignoring (D) is unethical.