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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) requires at least 2 weeks of depressed mood or anhedonia plus at least four other symptoms (e.g., sleep/appetite changes, guilt, concentration problems). Persistent Depressive Disorder (B) lasts ≥2 years. Cyclothymic Disorder (C) is chronic mood fluctuations. Adjustment Disorder (D) is linked to identifiable stressors and resolves within 6 months. On the EPPP, diagnostic accuracy requires attention to duration, severity, and impairment criteria.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) requires excessive anxiety and worry about multiple domains for at least 6 months, with symptoms such as restlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. Specific Phobia (A) is limited to one object/situation. Panic Disorder (B) involves recurrent panic attacks. Adjustment Disorder (D) lasts less than 6 months and is tied to a specific stressor. On the EPPP, duration and scope of worry are critical diagnostic markers.

The developmental model of supervision views supervisees as progressing through stages of competence, from dependency on the supervisor to autonomy. Supervisory interventions are tailored to the supervisee’s developmental level, offering more structure early and greater independence later. The psychodynamic model (A) emphasizes transference and parallel processes. The discrimination model (C) focuses on supervisor roles (teacher, counselor, consultant). The integrative model (D) blends multiple approaches. The developmental model aligns with competency-based training and scaffolding. On the EPPP, candidates should recognize supervision models and their applications to training contexts.

Systematic desensitization pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to feared stimuli, reducing anxiety through counterconditioning. Flooding (B) involves intense, prolonged exposure without gradual steps. Aversion therapy (C) pairs behavior with unpleasant stimuli. Behavioral activation (D) increases engagement in rewarding activities to treat depression. On the EPPP, systematic desensitization is a classic behavioral intervention for phobias and anxiety.

Process-oriented supervision emphasizes awareness of relational and emotional dynamics, including countertransference and therapeutic process issues. Skill instruction (A) focuses on specific techniques. Administrative oversight (C) ensures compliance with policies. Technical training (D) emphasizes mechanics of interventions. By encouraging reflection on affective reactions, the supervisor develops self-awareness and clinical judgment. On the EPPP, supervision questions often assess knowledge of different supervisory foci and their alignment with trainee development needs.