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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involves obsessions (intrusive, unwanted thoughts) and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts) that are time-consuming or impair functioning. OCPD (A) is a personality disorder marked by perfectionism and rigidity, without obsessions/compulsions. GAD (C) involves excessive worry, not compulsions. Specific Phobia (D) involves circumscribed fear. OCD is ego-dystonic—clients recognize thoughts/behaviors as excessive. On the EPPP, distinguishing OCD from OCPD is crucial, especially in differential diagnosis.

Statistical power is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis (1 – β). Power increases with larger effect sizes, higher alpha, lower variance, and larger sample sizes. Among the options, increasing sample size guided by an a priori power analysis is the most direct and ethically defensible way to reduce Type II error while planning the study. Lowering alpha (Option A) decreases the chance of Type I error but also reduces power, increasing Type II error risk. Switching from one-tailed to two-tailed tests (Option C) is more conservative and typically reduces power unless the direction of effect is uncertain; power gains occur when moving from two-tailed to one-tailed (with justified directional hypotheses). Dichotomizing continuous outcomes (Option D) generally reduces statistical power by discarding information and increasing measurement error; continuous measures are typically preferable. A priori power analysis integrates expected effect size (from prior studies or pilot data), desired alpha, and planned power (often .80 or .90) to yield a required sample size, supporting robust inference and ethical resource use.

A one-way repeated measures ANOVA is used when the same participants are measured under three or more conditions or at multiple time points. It accounts for within-subject variability, reducing error variance compared to between-groups designs. This makes it more powerful when examining changes over time. An independent samples t-test (A) is appropriate for comparing two independent groups, not repeated measures. Chi-square (C) analyzes categorical data rather than continuous means. Pearson correlation (D) examines associations between two variables but does not test group mean differences. In repeated measures, assumptions include sphericity, which requires equal variances of the differences between time points. Violations may be corrected using Greenhouse-Geisser or Huynh-Feldt adjustments. On the EPPP, test-takers should know which designs align with which statistical tests, recognizing that repeated measures ANOVA is the extension of paired t-tests when more than two related means are compared.

When a client presents a serious and imminent risk of violence toward an identifiable person, psychologists may have a duty to protect, which can include warning the potential target, notifying law enforcement, and/or taking steps to mitigate the risk (e.g., hospitalization), consistent with applicable jurisdictional law and ethical standards. Confidentiality is fundamental, but it is not absolute; limits include situations where disclosure is necessary to prevent serious, foreseeable harm. Option A ignores legally recognized exceptions. Option B may be insufficient if additional steps (e.g., notifying police, arranging evaluation) are warranted by imminence and feasibility. Immediate termination (D) without safety planning may heighten risk and contravene standards for beneficence and nonmaleficence. Best practice includes conducting and documenting a structured risk assessment, consulting as appropriate, disclosing the minimum necessary information, and following local statutes and case law (which vary by jurisdiction regarding “duty to warn” vs “duty to protect”). Clear documentation of decision-making, actions taken, and legal/ethical justification is essential for client welfare and professional accountability.

Conflicts of interest arise when personal, financial, or professional obligations risk impairing objectivity or creating exploitation. Ethical practice requires disclosure to relevant parties and corrective action, which may include restructuring roles or withdrawing. Ignoring (A) or minimizing (C) undermines integrity. Delegating responsibility (D) does not resolve the conflict. APA Ethics Code emphasizes transparency, responsibility, and avoidance of harm. On the EPPP, professionalism questions test recognition and management of conflicts, prioritizing integrity and client welfare over personal gain.