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AgCl is insoluble in water → precipitate. Others yield soluble salts. ACS outcomes emphasize solubility rules and net ionic equations.

MX₂ ⇌ M²⁺ + 2X⁻. Let solubility = s. Ksp = [M²⁺][X⁻]² = (s)(2s)² = 4s³. s³ = 1.0 × 10⁻¹² ÷ 4 = 2.5 × 10⁻¹³. s = 6.3 × 10⁻⁵ M ≈ 1 × 10⁻⁴ M.

CO₂ has two electron domains (double bonds count as one domain each) → linear geometry → sp hybridization.

π = iMRT. NaCl → i = 2, CaCl₂ → i = 3, glucose & NH₃ → i ≈ 1. Highest i → greatest π.

CO₂ is linear, bond dipoles cancel → nonpolar. H₂O (bent), NH₃ (trigonal pyramidal), SO₂ (bent) are polar. ACS outcomes emphasize linking VSEPR geometry with polarity. Students often mistake polarity by only considering bond polarity without geometry. Recognizing nonpolar molecules is essential for predicting solubility and intermolecular forces.