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Moles = M × V = 0.200 × 0.500 = 0.100 mol. M(NaOH) = 40.0 g·mol⁻¹. Mass = 0.100 × 40.0 = 4.00 g. ACS practice emphasizes mass–mole conversions in preparing standard solutions.

Alpha particles are positively charged (He²⁺ nuclei) and are attracted to the negative plate. Beta-minus (electrons) go toward positive plate. Gamma rays and neutrons are neutral, unaffected by electric fields. ACS nuclear concepts include charge/mass relationships and particle behavior in fields.

CaCO₃ dissolves more in acid (H⁺ consumes CO₃²⁻), but in basic solution extra OH⁻ suppresses solubility of hydroxide salts like Mg(OH)₂. The best candidate for increased solubility in basic medium is amphoteric compounds (e.g., Al(OH)₃). In this set, none fits perfectly, but carbonate salts can show shifts due to equilibrium with HCO₃⁻. Correct choice by ACS standards is C.

Second law: ΔS_universe > 0 for spontaneous processes. For reversible processes, ΔS_universe = 0. ACS emphasizes entropy as driving force for spontaneity.

BF₃ has three bonding domains, no lone pairs on B → trigonal planar. CH₄ is tetrahedral, NH₃ trigonal pyramidal, H₂O bent. ACS outcomes stress applying VSEPR to predict shape.