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Federalism refers to the division of power between national and state governments. The Tenth Amendment explicitly states that powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved to the states or to the people. On HiSET Social Studies, distinguishing among core principles is essential. Option A, judicial review, is the power of courts to assess the constitutionality of laws and executive actions (established in Marbury v. Madison), not a division of powers. Option C, separation of powers, divides authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches within the federal government. Option D, popular sovereignty, asserts that ultimate authority derives from the people. While related concepts interlock to structure governance, the specific reservation of undelegated powers is a hallmark of federalism, affecting policy areas such as education and policing that states often administer. Hence, B is correct.

Xylem vessels transport water and minerals upward from roots to aerial parts. Phloem (A) distributes sugars from photosynthesis. Stomata (C) are pores regulating gas exchange. Chloroplasts (D) carry out photosynthesis but do not transport water. On HiSET, plant biology questions stress structure-function relationships. A common error is confusing xylem and phloem, but remembering “xylem up, phloem down” aids recall. Correct answer: B.

Convert 15% to decimal: 0.150.15. Multiply 0.15×240=360.15 \times 240 = 36. Thus, the answer is D (36). A common mistake is dividing 240 by 15 instead of multiplying by 0.15. On HiSET, percent questions are frequent, so always remember percent means “per hundred.”

Proper nouns must be capitalized: “Grand Canyon.” Only option D capitalizes both words correctly and begins sentence with capital. Correct: D.

During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide and water, using light energy to produce glucose and release oxygen as a byproduct. Oxygen exits through stomata in leaves. Carbon dioxide is consumed, not released. Nitrogen is abundant in air but not a product. Hydrogen atoms are rearranged into glucose, not released freely. On HiSET, knowing inputs and outputs of photosynthesis is key. Correct: B.