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In Piaget’s Preoperational Stage (ages 2–7), children develop symbolic thinking and language but remain highly egocentric. This means they often cannot grasp that others see or experience the world differently. A classic example is the “three mountains task,” where children assume others see what they see. By the Concrete Operational Stage, egocentrism declines, and logical reasoning about tangible objects emerges. The Sensorimotor Stage focuses on object permanence, while the Formal Operational Stage introduces abstract reasoning. Thus, the correct answer is B.

Strategic Family Therapy, influenced by the work of Jay Haley and Cloe Madanes, is characterized by its pragmatic, problem-focused approach. One hallmark technique is the use of paradoxical interventions, where therapists prescribe the very symptom the family seeks to resolve, thereby disrupting dysfunctional cycles. For example, instructing a couple to argue at a set time each day can reduce spontaneous, destructive conflicts. The approach is less concerned with insight into unconscious drives (psychoanalysis), self-actualization (humanistic psychology), or attachment bonds (attachment theory). Instead, it emphasizes directives, symptom prescriptions, and reframing as strategies to create change. This distinguishes it from other models within MFT. Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Unbalancing is a Structural Family Therapy technique where the therapist temporarily supports one family member or subsystem to shift power dynamics and correct dysfunction. For instance, siding with a parent may strengthen parental authority when children dominate decision-making. Narrative Therapy emphasizes re-authoring stories, Strategic Therapy uses directives, and Experiential Therapy emphasizes authenticity and emotional expression. Thus, the correct answer is A.

The Sensorimotor Stage (0–2 years) includes the development of object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight. This is a major milestone in cognitive development. Preoperational is symbolic thought, concrete operational is logical reasoning, and formal operational is abstract thought. Thus, the correct answer is A.

Murray Bowen developed the concept of differentiation of self—the ability to maintain individuality while remaining emotionally connected to others. It is central to Bowen Family Systems Theory and influences how individuals function in relationships under stress. Minuchin emphasized family structures, Satir focused on communication styles, and White on narrative approaches. Thus, the correct answer is B.