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In toddlerhood (ages 1–3), children develop independence by mastering tasks such as walking, toileting, and self-feeding. Supportive caregiving fosters autonomy, while over-criticism leads to shame and doubt. Infancy is characterized by Trust vs. Mistrust, adolescence by Identity vs. Role Confusion, and midlife by Generativity vs. Stagnation. Thus, the correct answer is B.

A subpoena is a legal document requiring response. The therapist’s ethical responsibility is to consult legal counsel to determine what must be disclosed. Often, only limited or redacted information may be required. Automatically releasing everything or ignoring the subpoena could violate ethical or legal duties. Destroying records is illegal. Thus, the correct answer is C.

Experiential Therapy, especially Virginia Satir’s model, focused on communication stances like placating, blaming, super-reasonable, irrelevant, and congruent communication. She emphasized the importance of authentic, congruent communication to build self-esteem and improve relationships. Strategic therapy emphasizes directives, Bowen focuses on differentiation, and narrative emphasizes externalization. Thus, the correct answer is A.

Holism in family systems theory emphasizes that the family must be understood as an integrated unit, not merely as separate individuals. Patterns, rules, and relationships within the system create dynamics that cannot be explained by examining each member alone. For example, marital conflict cannot always be understood by focusing solely on the spouses—it must be examined in relation to parenting and extended family influences. This concept is foundational in MFT because it shifts focus from individual pathology to relational dynamics. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

The stage of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt occurs in toddlerhood (ages 1–3). During this period, children develop independence by mastering tasks like toilet training and self-feeding. Supportive caregivers foster autonomy and confidence, while overly critical or controlling responses can lead to shame and self-doubt. Infancy is defined by Trust vs. Mistrust, adolescence by Identity vs. Role Confusion, and middle adulthood by Generativity vs. Stagnation. The correct answer is B.