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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld racial segregation under “separate but equal.” Brown v. Board (1954) overturned it. Marbury (B) established judicial review. Roe (D) concerned abortion rights. FSOT candidates must understand constitutional history, especially civil rights milestones.

Option B is correct because it replaces the wordy phrase “due to the fact that” with the concise “because,” improving clarity and economy—two priorities on the FSOT English Expression section. Option A is grammatical but verbose; the FSOT rewards precise, straightforward prose over padded constructions. Option C uses “on account of,” which is idiomatic but less formal and slightly awkward for professional diplomatic writing. Option D contains a comma splice: two independent clauses joined only by a comma. Strong English Expression answers minimize redundancy, avoid colloquialisms when formal tone is required, and maintain correct sentence structure. In official U.S. government communications—briefing memos, front-channel cables, and talking points—concision and precision ensure messages are quickly understood by busy readers and reduce the risk of misinterpretation. Mastery of these editing choices reflects command of grammar, style, and audience expectations that the FSOT evaluates.

The House of Representatives holds the sole power to impeach federal officials (C). The Senate conducts impeachment trials (D), confirms presidential appointments (A), and ratifies treaties with a two-thirds vote (B). This division of responsibility illustrates checks and balances and bicameral cooperation. FSOT candidates must grasp the nuances of congressional roles to explain U.S. governance abroad and analyze legislative impacts on foreign policy, such as sanctions, trade agreements, or ambassadorial confirmations.

Option C uses proper comma placement in a complex sentence. Option A incorrectly uses “although” and “but” together. Option B lacks a comma. Option D misuses commas. FSOT candidates must show grammatical accuracy for clarity in formal writing.

Germany split into the Federal Republic of Germany (West) and German Democratic Republic (East). Berlin itself was divided. France, Italy, and Spain were not partitioned. FSOT candidates must understand Cold War geopolitics, as they shape modern European alliances.