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Iron deficiency impairs hemoglobin synthesis, leading to small, pale RBCs. Folate and B12 cause macrocytic anemia.

The mean is sensitive to extreme values. Median and mode are more resistant to outliers.

BMI is continuous, but often categorized for interpretation (e.g., underweight, normal, overweight).

For most adults initiating EN, best practice is to start at a low continuous rate (e.g., 20–30 mL/hr) and advance in stepwise increments (10–20 mL/hr every 4–8 hours) while monitoring tolerance (residuals per policy, nausea, distention, bowel habits), fluid balance, electrolytes, glycemia, and aspiration risk. For a 1.2 kcal/mL formula with a 1,800 kcal target, the eventual goal rate is ~62–65 mL/hr (1,800 ÷ 1.2 ÷ 24 ≈ 62.5). Option A may lead to overfeeding initially and ignores tolerance; Option C increases intolerance and aspiration risk; Option D is inappropriate early in initiation and for patients at high risk. The RD coordinates with the team for head-of-bed elevation, GI prophylaxis when indicated, and refeeding risk protocol (phosphate, potassium, magnesium), documenting progression and outcomes within ADIME.

External validity = generalizability. Internal validity = accuracy within the study sample.