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BMI-for-age percentile is the most appropriate indicator for identifying overweight and obesity in adolescents. WHO and CDC charts classify ≥85th percentile as overweight and ≥95th percentile as obese. Weight-for-age and height-for-age are less specific, while MUAC is used mainly for undernutrition screening.

Pediatric nutrition provides essential vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients that strengthen immunity. Proteins support antibody production, vitamin A and zinc enhance mucosal defenses, and iron and folate ensure proper blood function. Malnutrition weakens immunity, increasing susceptibility to infections. Vaccines are vital, but their effectiveness is supported by good nutrition, making it a key pillar of child health.

Weight-for-height (WFH) is the best indicator of acute malnutrition (wasting). It reflects recent weight loss due to illness or inadequate food intake. Height-for-age indicates chronic malnutrition (stunting), weight-for-age combines both but lacks specificity, and head circumference is used primarily in infants for brain growth assessment.

The cornerstone of treatment for celiac disease is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet, which allows intestinal healing, resolves symptoms, and prevents long-term complications like osteoporosis and intestinal malignancy. Iron and vitamin D supplementation may be necessary to correct deficiencies, but they do not treat the underlying cause. A high-protein diet is not specific therapy. Education on hidden gluten sources and dietary adherence is essential.

The first 2 years of life are a period of rapid brain development, immune system maturation, and linear growth. Poor nutrition during this window can lead to stunting, cognitive delays, and increased risk of infections. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, followed by appropriate complementary feeding, ensures optimal development.