Free CNRN Exam Questions That Helps Candidates Pass

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by relapsing neurological symptoms such as optic neuritis (visual disturbances), limb weakness, numbness, and coordination problems. Symptoms vary depending on lesion location. Sudden cardiac arrest, fever with rash, and persistent cough are not features of MS.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

Secondary brain injury is caused by hypoxia, hypotension, hypercapnia, and increased intracranial pressure. Maintaining adequate oxygenation (SpO₂ above 94%) is critical to preserve cerebral metabolism and prevent ischemic injury. Hypoxia worsens neuronal death. Trendelenburg positioning increases intracranial pressure by impairing venous drainage. Coughing increases intrathoracic pressure and ICP, worsening brain injury.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

Preventing secondary brain injury in traumatic brain injury focuses on maintaining adequate oxygenation (normoxia) and carbon dioxide levels (normocapnia). Hypoxia and abnormal CO₂ levels can worsen cerebral vasodilation or vasoconstriction, leading to increased intracranial pressure or ischemia. Routine hyperventilation is only used temporarily in emergency ICP spikes. Trendelenburg position increases intracranial pressure. Fluid restriction is not routinely indicated and may worsen cerebral perfusion.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

Hemorrhagic stroke typically presents with sudden, severe “worst headache of life,” vomiting, decreased level of consciousness, and rapidly increasing intracranial pressure. This is due to bleeding within brain tissue or subarachnoid space. Gradual symptoms are more consistent with ischemic stroke or other chronic conditions. Mild dizziness and fatigue are nonspecific and not indicative of acute intracranial bleeding.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

Increasing restlessness and confusion in a traumatic brain injury patient may indicate worsening cerebral hypoxia, elevated intracranial pressure, or evolving intracranial hemorrhage. The priority is rapid neurological and physiological assessment, including oxygenation status, airway patency, and ICP indicators. Restraints should be avoided when possible as they may increase agitation and ICP. Ambulation is unsafe in unstable neuro patients. Oral fluids are contraindicated until swallowing safety is confirmed.