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Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (150–250 words):

Mendel studied single-trait inheritance (monohybrid crosses). Yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y). Parental cross: YY × yy → all Yy (yellow). F1 generation self-cross: Yy × Yy → genotypic ratio 1 YY : 2 Yy : 1 yy. Phenotypically, YY and Yy both express yellow, while yy is green. Thus, phenotype ratio = 3 yellow : 1 green. Option B would result from a test cross (Yy × yy). Option C (2:1) might occur in special lethal allele scenarios, not in standard Mendelian inheritance. Option D is the dihybrid ratio. Therefore, the correct answer is 3:1.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (150–250 words):

Factor numerator: x2−9=(x−3)(x+3)x^2 - 9 = (x - 3)(x + 3). Cancel (x−3)(x - 3). Simplified expression: x+3x + 3. Correct: A.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (150–250 words):

λ=v/f=330/440=0.75\lambda = v/f = 330 / 440 = 0.75 m. Careful: actual result is 0.75 m (C), not B. Correct: C.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (150–250 words):

Phospholipids contain hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, making them amphipathic—crucial for membrane bilayers. Glucose (A) is polar; triglycerides (B) are nonpolar; glycogen (D) is polar. Correct: C.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (150–250 words):

Arteries transport blood away from the heart (oxygenated in systemic circulation). Veins (A) return blood. Capillaries (C) exchange gases. Venules (D) connect capillaries to veins. Correct: B.