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A forward head posture is commonly caused by overactive levator scapulae, sternocleidomastoid, and upper trapezius. Underactive muscles typically include the deep cervical flexors. NASM emphasizes recognizing these compensations during assessments to design corrective strategies—stretching overactive muscles and strengthening underactive ones. This improves posture, reduces neck strain, and enhances performance in pushing and pulling movements.

Feet turning out is commonly caused by overactive gastrocnemius, soleus, and lateral hamstring muscles. The tibialis anterior, medial hamstring, and gracilis are often underactive. Identifying this pattern allows CPTs to prescribe corrective stretches for overactive muscles and strengthening for underactive ones. NASM emphasizes kinetic chain assessments like the overhead squat to pinpoint dysfunctions and correct them using the Corrective Exercise Continuum. Proper alignment reduces injury risk, improves performance, and enhances functional movement quality.

Guaranteeing results is unethical and outside a CPT’s control. Reporting through proper channels maintains professionalism and protects clients. Arguing publicly or copying the behavior damages credibility. NASM stresses professional conduct and client safety as core responsibilities.

Muscular endurance training emphasizes 12–20 reps for 1–3 sets at relatively low intensity (50–70% 1RM). This builds the ability to sustain contractions over extended periods. Lower reps with high load target strength and hypertrophy, while extremely high rep ranges (20–30) are less practical. NASM’s OPT™ Phases 1 and 2 integrate this rep range to improve endurance and joint stability, making it ideal for beginners or clients with stamina goals.

The Davies test measures upper-body agility, stability, and neuromuscular control by requiring rapid hand movements across tape markers in a push-up position. The push-up test measures muscular endurance, the Shark skill test assesses lower-body agility, and the vertical jump test measures lower-body power. NASM emphasizes agility and stabilization assessments for performance clients to identify imbalances and improve movement quality.