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Random sampling enhances generalizability (external validity). Random assignment (A) strengthens internal validity. Counterbalancing (C) addresses order effects. Double-blind (D) minimizes experimenter bias.

The SDS assesses Holland’s RIASEC personality types to match with occupational environments. Super (A) focused on self-concept, Roe (B) on childhood needs, and Krumboltz (D) on happenstance learning.

Autonomy respects clients’ right to self-determination. Overly directive approaches undermine this principle. Justice (B), beneficence (C), and fidelity (D) are important but less directly violated here.

Reliability refers to consistency; validity refers to accuracy. A test can be reliable (consistent scores) but not valid (not measuring the intended construct). True validity requires both reliability and accurate construct measurement.

Grounded theory involves coding qualitative data to develop new theories. Ethnography (A) studies cultural groups. Case study (C) is in-depth on one unit. Correlational analysis (D) is quantitative.