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Red blood cells (erythrocytes) transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues via hemoglobin, and return carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation. White blood cells fight infection, hormones are produced by endocrine glands, and platelets aid clotting. In cosmetology, circulation is emphasized in massage and scalp treatments, which enhance blood flow to nourish hair follicles and skin. Recognizing systemic functions supports the holistic understanding of beauty and wellness, showing how internal health reflects outwardly.

Eccrine glands are widely distributed sweat glands that secrete primarily water and salts to regulate body temperature through evaporation. They open directly onto the skin’s surface. Apocrine glands, found in the underarms and groin, produce thicker secretions that can cause odor when broken down by bacteria. Sebaceous glands secrete sebum to lubricate hair and skin, while ceruminous glands in the ear canal produce earwax. Understanding glandular function helps cosmetologists tailor treatments: oily skin linked to sebaceous activity, hyperhidrosis to eccrine glands, and body odor to apocrine activity. Recognizing normal versus abnormal glandular function supports professional consultation and service adjustments.

Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates skin and hair, contributing to the acid mantle. Sudoriferous glands are sweat glands, with apocrine and eccrine as subtypes. Cosmetologists must understand sebaceous activity when addressing oily or dry conditions, acne, and scalp care. Overactive sebaceous glands cause oiliness and breakouts, while underactive glands lead to dryness. Proper consultation and product selection (oil-free vs. moisturizing) address sebum balance, integrating applied science with service customization.