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Electrical contact is the leading cause of fatalities in arboriculture, far surpassing other hazards. ISA exam content stresses electrical awareness and compliance with ANSI Z133 clearance standards to protect arborists.

Electrical conductivity (EC) indicates soluble salt concentrations. High EC causes osmotic stress, limiting water uptake. pH, temperature, and organic matter are not direct salt indicators. ISA highlights EC testing as part of soil diagnosis.

Dormant season planting minimizes transplant shock for bare-root stock. Summer planting stresses trees, and flowering periods demand energy for reproduction. ISA highlights seasonal timing as crucial to establishment success.

Backfill soil should be returned loosely, allowing root expansion and avoiding air pockets. Compaction reduces oxygen, while gravel amendments often create “bathtub” effects with poor drainage. Potting soil is unsuitable, as it differs in texture from native soils and may inhibit root establishment. ISA guidelines stress correct planting techniques to ensure rapid establishment and long-term stability. Exam questions frequently target mistakes made at planting, as improper installation is a common reason for early tree failure.

Fraxinus (ash) species have opposite, pinnately compound leaves. Oaks and elms have alternate simple leaves, while maples have opposite simple leaves. ISA emphasizes leaf arrangement in tree ID.