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Stable trims with erratic MAP readings indicate a faulty sensor, not actual mixture changes. Pumps, injectors, or plugs would affect trims and combustion. ASE emphasizes sensor plausibility checks.

Lean mixtures require higher voltage and burn quickly, creating short burn time. Rich mixtures reduce voltage and lengthen burn. Weak coils reduce voltage, wide gaps raise voltage but don’t shorten burn globally. ASE emphasizes waveform and trim correlation.

Low compression prevents complete combustion, producing unburned fuel and elevated HC. Sensors or catalysts wouldn’t cause cylinder-specific compression loss. ASE stresses mechanical checks during emissions failure diagnostics.

If TPS voltage doesn’t change, wiring or sensor is faulty. MAP, IAC, or catalysts don’t affect TPS signal directly. ASE stresses verifying circuits before replacing components.

Lean mixtures require higher voltage and burn out quickly. Rich conditions produce low voltage and long burn. Weak coils reduce voltage. Plug gaps raise voltage but don’t shorten burn globally. ASE emphasizes using waveform interpretation with trim confirmation for mixture analysis.