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Lateral whip = heel moves laterally at toe-off → caused by excessive internal rotation of prosthetic knee. Medial whip = external rotation.

On NPTE, prosthetic gait deviation analysis is a repeated testing theme.

A positive straight leg raise test (pain with leg elevation 30–70°) indicates lumbar disc herniation compressing a nerve root. Facet and SI joint pain are provoked differently (extension, compression). Paraspinals cause local pain, not radicular.

On NPTE, understanding neurodynamic tests is crucial for differentiating disc vs joint vs muscular sources of low back pain.

The triad of RUQ pain, jaundice, and fever is highly suggestive of cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation). Appendicitis (A) is RLQ pain. Ulcerative colitis (C) and Crohn’s (D) are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases with diarrhea, not localized RUQ pain.

On NPTE, recognizing red-flag GI signs for urgent referral is critical.

The quad cane moves first, followed by the weaker limb, then the stronger limb. This ensures the cane supports the weak leg during weight transfer. Sequence A/D would destabilize the patient. Sequence C is unsafe because the weak leg moves unsupported.

On NPTE, gait training safety and sequencing are frequently tested, particularly with assistive devices. Proper technique prevents falls and promotes functional independence.

CKD reduces erythropoietin production, leading to anemia → fatigue. Electrolyte imbalance (A) causes arrhythmias or cramps, but not primary fatigue. Fluid overload (C) causes edema and dyspnea. Hyperparathyroidism (D) affects bones.

NPTE emphasizes systemic effects of CKD and how they impair exercise tolerance and functional participation.