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Conservation is the understanding that quantity remains constant despite changes in shape, a hallmark of the concrete operational stage (ages 7–11). Egocentrism and symbolic thought are preoperational concepts, while reversibility also develops in concrete operations but is not the focus here.

Adolescents (ages 12–18) are in Erikson’s stage of identity vs. role confusion, where they explore values, beliefs, and roles. Struggles with cultural identity are common at this stage. Intimacy vs. isolation is young adulthood, generativity vs. stagnation middle adulthood, and autonomy vs. shame toddlerhood. On the exam, Erikson’s stages are frequently applied to cases involving developmental conflicts.

Adolescents are in the identity vs. role confusion stage, exploring roles and values. Success leads to stable identity; failure results in confusion. Intimacy vs. isolation applies to young adults, industry vs. inferiority to school-aged children, and initiative vs. guilt to preschoolers.

The preoperational stage (ages 2–7) is marked by symbolic thought, imagination, and egocentrism. Concrete operations involve logical thinking about tangible events, formal operations focus on abstract reasoning, and sensorimotor is based on sensory exploration. Pretend play is a hallmark of the preoperational stage, a frequent exam question.

Conservation (concrete operational stage, ages 7–11) is the understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape. Reversibility and classification also develop in this stage but are distinct concepts. Symbolic thought occurs earlier in the preoperational stage. The exam frequently tests Piaget’s concepts.